New York, NY
- About the City
- Geography
- Climate and Weather
- Landmarks
- Transport
- Local Cuisine and Culinary Traditions
- Museums
- Sport and Sports Legends
- Universities and Educational Institutions
- Healthcare Institutions
New York City (NYC) is the most populous city in the U.S., a global hub for finance, culture, and media. Known as "The Big Apple," it comprises five boroughs and is home to over 8.4 million people from around the world.
About the City
Official Status and Administrative Affiliation
- Full Official Name: New York City (often referred to as NYC).
- Administrative Role: New York City is not a state capital, but it is the most populous city in the United States and a global capital of finance, culture, and diplomacy. It serves as the seat of its five constituent counties, which are consolidated as the city's boroughs .
- Country and Region: The city is located in the State of New York, at the southern tip of New York State. The state itself is known as "The Empire State," a nickname that reflects its historical wealth and resources .
Historical Names and Nicknames
New York City is known by many names, both official and unofficial .
- Historical Names:
- New Amsterdam (1624-1665): The original name of the Dutch colony established on Manhattan Island .
- New Orange (1673-1674): A brief name given when the Dutch regained control of the city for a year .
- Common Nicknames:
- The Big Apple: Popularized in the 1970s, this nickname originated in the 1920s among horse-racing stable hands, referring to the large prizes (the "big apples") to be won in New York City races .
- The City That Never Sleeps: A reflection of the city's vibrant, 24/7 nightlife and energy, immortalized by the Frank Sinatra song "New York, New York" .
- Gotham: First used by author Washington Irving in 1807, this name was later popularized as the home of Batman .
- The Capital of the World: A nod to the city's immense global influence, particularly after the establishment of the United Nations headquarters here in the mid-20th century .
Date of Foundation and Age
New York City's European settlement dates to the early 17th century.
- Year of Foundation: 1624, when the Dutch established a permanent fur trading settlement on Governors Island . The settlement was chartered as the city of New Amsterdam in 1653 .
- Age: As of 2026, the city is 402 years old (founded in 1624).
- Founder: The settlement was established by the Dutch West India Company. The most famous early director-general was Peter Minuit, who is historically credited with orchestrating the purchase of Manhattan Island from local Lenape bands in 1626 .
Geographic Position and Coordinates
- Geographic Coordinates: 40°42′46″N 74°00′22″W .
- Location: New York City is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River (known as the North River in its lower reaches) on one of the world's largest natural harbors . The city's terrain is a mix of islands (Manhattan, Staten Island, and parts of Long Island) and mainland (the Bronx).
- Elevation: The elevation varies greatly, from sea level at the harbor to 122 meters (401 feet) at Todt Hill on Staten Island, the highest point in the city . The highest point in Manhattan is in Washington Heights, atop a schist outcropping .
City Type and Economic Specialization
New York City is a diversified global hub.
- Financial and Business Center: It is home to Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ, making it the world's premier financial center .
- Media, Fashion, and Culture Hub: The city is a global leader in advertising, media, and fashion, with a significant concentration of creative talent and corporations .
- Technology and Professional Services: A major center for tech and professional services, including law, management consulting, and advertising. The professional and tech services sector makes up a substantial part of the city's economy .
- Tourism and Entertainment: A top global tourist destination, drawing over 60 million visitors annually to its theaters, landmarks, and cultural institutions .
Population and Demographics
- Population: As of July 2024, the city's estimated population is 8,478,072 . At its peak in 2020, the population was 8,804,190 .
- Classification: New York is a "million-plus" city, the most populous city in the United States, and the core of one of the world's largest metropolitan areas (over 20 million people) .
- Demographic Features: New York is renowned for its diversity. Nearly 36.6% of its population is foreign-born, and as many as 800 languages are spoken, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . Hispanic or Latino residents make up 28.5% of the population, followed by White (33.8%), Black (21.9%), and Asian (14.7%) residents .
"Visiting Card" of the City (In Brief)
New York City is the world's vibrant, 24/7 metropolis, a melting pot of cultures that serves as the global nerve center for finance, media, and art. From the towering skyscrapers of Manhattan to the diverse neighborhoods of Queens and Brooklyn, visitors come to experience iconic landmarks like the Empire State Building, explore world-class museums, and immerse themselves in an unparalleled urban energy .
Geography
Water Bodies (Rivers, Lakes, Ocean)
New York City is defined by its waterways.
- Hudson River: A major river that flows from the Adirondack Mountains to New York Harbor, forming the western border of Manhattan .
- East River: A tidal strait, not a river, connecting Upper New York Bay to Long Island Sound, separating Manhattan from Brooklyn and Queens .
- New York Harbor: One of the world's largest natural harbors, where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. It is a critical component of the city's history and economy .
- The Atlantic Ocean & Jamaica Bay: The southern coasts of Brooklyn and Queens border the Atlantic Ocean, featuring extensive public beaches. Jamaica Bay, between Brooklyn, Queens, and the Rockaway Peninsula, is a complex estuary and part of the Gateway National Recreation Area .
Beaches and Coastlines
New York City boasts over 14 miles of public beaches along its 578-mile coastline .
- Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk (Brooklyn): The quintessential New York beach experience, famous for its amusement parks, the Cyclones minor league baseball stadium, and its historic, bustling boardwalk .
- Rockaway Beach (Queens): A long stretch of Atlantic Ocean beach popular with surfers and sunbathers, accessible by subway.
- Orchard Beach (The Bronx): Known as the "Bronx Riviera," this is a man-made crescent beach within Pelham Bay Park .
Climate and Weather
Climate Type and General Characteristics
New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) , according to the Köppen classification, transitioning into a humid continental climate further inland. It is characterized by hot, often humid summers and cold, wet winters. The city experiences four distinct seasons.
Average Temperatures and Precipitation
Data based on the 1981-2010 climate normals from Central Park .
- Warmest Month: July, with average highs around 29°C (84°F) and lows of 21°C (70°F).
- Coldest Month: January, with average highs of 4°C (39°F) and lows of -2°C (28°F).
- Precipitation: Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, with annual averages around 1,260 mm (49.7 inches). The city averages 121 days with some precipitation annually. Snow is common in winter, with an average seasonal snowfall of 71 cm (28 inches).
Best Time to Visit
The most pleasant times to visit New York City are in the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to November) . During these months, temperatures are mild, and the city experiences lower humidity, making it ideal for walking and outdoor activities. Spring brings blooming trees in Central Park, while fall offers crisp air and colorful foliage.
Landmarks
Empire State Building
- Full Name: Empire State Building
- Year Opened: 1931. Architects: Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
- Description: A 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan. It was the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years. Its observation decks offer iconic 360-degree views of the city. In 2025, it was named one of the top-rated attractions in the U.S. by Tripadvisor reviewers, who praise its revamped observatory and "wow" factor .
Central Park
- Full Name: Central Park
- Year Established: 1857 (landscape design by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux completed in 1858).
- Description: An 843-acre urban oasis in the center of Manhattan. It features meadows, lakes, wooded trails, and iconic structures like Bethesda Terrace and Bow Bridge. It is a year-round destination for both locals and tourists, offering picnics, boat rides, and a peaceful escape from the city .
Brooklyn Bridge
- Full Name: Brooklyn Bridge
- Year Opened: 1883. Designed by John A. Roebling.
- Description: A hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge that was the first to use steel-wire cables, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn over the East River. It is a beloved New York icon, offering a dedicated pedestrian and cyclist walkway high above the traffic, with stunning views of the skyline .
Statue of Liberty
- Full Name: Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)
- Year Dedicated: 1886. Sculptor: Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi.
- Description: A colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. A gift from the people of France, it has become a universal symbol of freedom and democracy and was one of the first sights for millions of immigrants arriving in the United States. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Transport
Main Airports
New York City is served by three major airports .
- John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK): Located in Queens, it is the primary international gateway, handling a huge volume of global flights. IATA code: JFK.
- Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR): Located in nearby New Jersey, it is a major hub for international and domestic travel. IATA code: EWR.
- LaGuardia Airport (LGA): Located in Queens, this airport primarily handles domestic flights and short-haul international flights from Canada. IATA code: LGA.
Public Transportation System
- New York City Subway: One of the world's largest and oldest rapid transit systems, with 472 stations. It operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, a key factor in the city's "never sleeps" reputation . It is the largest single-operator rapid transit system worldwide .
Major Railway Stations
- Penn Station: The busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere, serving Amtrak (including the high-speed Acela), Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), and New Jersey Transit .
- Grand Central Terminal: A historic Beaux-Arts station and world-famous landmark, serving the Metro-North Railroad to suburbs north of the city .
Local Cuisine and Culinary Traditions
New York-Style Pizza (New York Slice)
No culinary journey through New York City is complete without a slice of its signature pizza. This iconic food is characterized by its large, thin, hand-tossed crust that is crisp yet foldable, making it the ultimate fast food . The story of New York-style pizza began in the early 20th century with Italian immigrants. Gennaro Lombardi is widely credited with opening the first pizzeria in the United States, Lombardi's, in 1905, using a coal-fired oven that imparted a unique smoky flavor to the crust . A classic plain cheese slice, with its simple tomato sauce and generous layer of low-moisture mozzarella, is the best way to appreciate this staple. For a quintessential slice, head to Joe's Pizza in Greenwich Village, a favorite since 1975, or try the coal-fired pies at the historic Lombardi's in Little Italy .
Pastrami Sandwich
The pastrami sandwich is a quintessential New York deli delight that captures the city's Jewish culinary heritage. It consists of thinly sliced, smoked, and spiced pastrami piled high on rye bread, typically served with mustard and a pickle on the side . Pastrami was brought to the United States by Romanian Jewish immigrants in the late 19th century, who adapted their recipe to use beef brisket and began smoking the meat . The definitive place to try one is Katz's Delicatessen on the Lower East Side, an iconic establishment since 1888. Famous for its hand-carved pastrami and the legendary "I'll have what she's having" scene from When Harry Met Sally, a visit to Katz's is as much about the experience as it is about the sandwich .
Bagels with Lox and Cream Cheese
A New York breakfast staple, the bagel with lox and cream cheese is a simple yet perfect combination of textures and flavors. The ideal New York bagel is defined by its chewy interior and slightly crispy exterior, a result of being boiled before baking . Brought to the city by Eastern European Jewish immigrants in the late 19th century, the bagel has evolved into a culinary icon, with the New York-invented "everything" bagel becoming a local favorite . For an authentic experience, visit Russ & Daughters on the Lower East Side, a legendary appetizing store that has been serving hand-rolled bagels with lox (cured salmon) and creamy cream cheese since 1914 .
Bodega Sandwich (BEC)
Ask any New Yorker where to get a great sandwich, and they'll likely point you to their local bodega. These small neighborhood stores, numbering around 13,000 across the city, are the heart of local communities and serve surprisingly expansive menus . The most iconic is the breakfast BEC (bacon, egg, and cheese), a simple, satisfying, and affordable sandwich that fuels the city each morning. While you can't go wrong at any corner store, places like Sunny & Annie's Deli in the East Village are famous for their creative takes and quirky sandwich names .
New York Hot Dogs
The hot dog is one of New York's oldest street foods, dating back to the 1860s with the arrival of German immigrants . Today, it remains a quintessential snack, sold everywhere from corner carts to stadiums. For the ultimate hot dog experience, head to Coney Island in Brooklyn to sample a famous Nathan's Famous hot dog and stroll along the boardwalk. This iconic spot has been a destination for over a century and even holds a renowned annual hot dog eating contest .
Museums
The Metropolitan Museum of Art ("The Met")
As one of the world's premier art institutions, "The Met" is an encyclopedic museum whose vast collection spans 5,000 years of global culture . Located on the Upper East Side, its holdings are nothing short of breathtaking. Visitors can explore everything from Renaissance paintings and Greek and Roman statues to an entire Egyptian temple, the Temple of Dendur, and a wealth of ancient artifacts . With such a comprehensive collection, it is a destination that could take days to fully explore.
The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
A veteran of New York's creative scene since 1929, MoMA is the city's premier destination for modern and contemporary art . Its evolving collection contains nearly 200,000 works, housing some of the most famous pieces on the planet . The undeniable highlight is Vincent van Gogh's mesmerizing "The Starry Night". Alongside this masterpiece, visitors can view Andy Warhol's iconic "Gold Marilyn Monroe" and his famous "Campbell's Soup Cans", which together form a classic slice of Americana .
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
The Guggenheim is a masterpiece of architecture in its own right, and reason enough to visit the Upper East Side . Designed in 1943 by the legendary Frank Lloyd Wright, the building's twirling white rotunda and spiraling interior ramp are inspired by natural forms like a nautilus shell. Inside, the museum's permanent collection has grown to some 8,000 pieces, ranging from bronze sculptures by French Impressionist Edgar Degas to avant-garde conceptual works .
Whitney Museum of American Art
Dedicated to 20th- and 21st-century American art, the Whitney Museum is housed in a dramatically asymmetrical building in the Meatpacking District, designed by architect Renzo Piano . The museum holds over 25,000 works and is built around the personal collection of its founder, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. It boasts the largest collection of works by realist painter Edward Hopper in the world. The Whitney is also famous for showcasing living artists through its signature exhibition, the Whitney Biennial .
9/11 Memorial and Museum
This poignant museum and memorial in Lower Manhattan reflects on the tragic events of September 11, 2001, and honors its victims. The museum houses a series of affecting artifacts, from personal items of survivors to larger remnants like a crumbling staircase salvaged from the World Trade Center site and a wrecked fire truck . Outside, the solemn National September 11 Memorial features two massive pools set within the footprints of the original Twin Towers, with cascading water and panels inscribed with the names of the fallen .
Sport and Sports Legends
Famous Stadiums and Arenas
New York City is one of the best sports markets in the world, boasting an impressive collection of iconic venues . In the Bronx, Yankee Stadium is the historic home of the New York Yankees, a beautiful throwback venue known for its old-school charm and Monument Park . In Queens, Citi Field hosts the New York Mets . Midtown Manhattan is home to the legendary Madison Square Garden, the world-famous arena where the New York Knicks (NBA) and New York Rangers (NHL) play . In Brooklyn, the state-of-the-art Barclays Center is home to the Brooklyn Nets (NBA) and the New York Liberty (WNBA) .
Professional Sports Teams
The city has an unparalleled concentration of professional teams, often with two in each major league . This creates a vibrant and passionate sports culture with historic rivalries.
- MLB: New York Yankees (27 World Series titles) and New York Mets .
- NBA: New York Knicks and Brooklyn Nets .
- NHL: New York Rangers, New York Islanders, and New Jersey Devils .
- NFL: New York Giants and New York Jets (both play at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey) .
- MLS: New York City FC and New York Red Bulls .
- WNBA: New York Liberty .
Famous Athletes
New York's teams have been home to some of the most legendary figures in sports history.
- Babe Ruth (Baseball): The iconic slugger who defined the Yankees' dynasty and changed baseball forever.
- Joe DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle (Baseball): Legendary Yankee center fielders and cultural icons.
- Walt "Clyde" Frazier (Basketball): A two-time NBA champion with the Knicks, known for his flashy style on and off the court.
- Mark Messier (Hockey): The legendary leader who captained the New York Rangers to their first Stanley Cup in 54 years in 1994.
- Lawrence Taylor (Football): A transformative linebacker for the New York Giants, considered one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history.
Major Sporting Events
New York hosts a variety of major sporting events throughout the year. The US Open Tennis Championships, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments, is held annually in Queens. The TCS New York City Marathon, one of the world's largest and most prestigious marathons, winds through all five boroughs. For baseball fans, the Subway Series refers to the interleague games between the Yankees and the Mets, a highlight of the summer season .
Sports Museums
The Jackie Robinson Museum in Manhattan is a must-see for sports fans and history buffs alike. It provides a wonderful and insightful look into the life of the man who broke baseball's color barrier and his immense impact on American history .
Universities and Educational Institutions
Major Research Universities
New York City is home to several world-class research universities. Columbia University, an Ivy League institution founded in 1754, is one of the most prestigious in the world, consistently ranking near the top in global university standings . New York University (NYU) is another giant, with a global reputation, particularly strong in the arts, business, and law. The CUNY Graduate Center cemented its position in the highest rank of U.S. research universities by achieving the prestigious Carnegie R1 classification, making it the only public institution in New York City to hold this designation for its high level of research activity . It is home to over 30 doctoral programs and more than 1,700 faculty members .
Specialized Institutes and Academies
The city also has world-renowned specialized institutions. The Juilliard School, located at Lincoln Center, is a legendary conservatory for music, dance, and drama, having trained generations of world-class performers . The Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) at NYU is an interdisciplinary research center dedicated to applying data science and technology to solve complex urban problems, using New York City itself as its primary laboratory .
Historic and Notable Campuses
Many of these university campuses are landmarks in their own right. Columbia University's main campus in Morningside Heights is a beautiful example of Beaux-Arts architecture. The campuses also offer students and visitors access to world-class cultural institutions, libraries, and events, with many performances and lectures open to the public .
Healthcare Institutions
New York City is a global hub for top-tier medical care, home to numerous world-famous hospitals and research institutions.
Major Medical Centers
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, affiliated with Columbia and Cornell universities, is one of the nation's most comprehensive academic medical centers, consistently ranking among the best in the country across multiple specialties. NYU Langone Health is another prestigious academic medical center, renowned for its clinical care and research, with a flagship campus on the East Side of Manhattan. Mount Sinai Health System is an integrated health system whose Icahn School of Medicine is a leader in medical education and research. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center is the world's oldest and largest private cancer center, dedicated exclusively to patient care and groundbreaking research in oncology.
Specialized Hospitals
The city also has renowned specialized hospitals. Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) is widely regarded as the world's leading hospital for orthopedics and rheumatology. The Rockefeller University is a world-famous biomedical research university, which has been associated with numerous Nobel Prizes and scientific breakthroughs. While primarily a research institution, its presence underscores the city's depth in medical science.